Response Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response Papers - Essay Example eople appreciated the innovativeness of the students who came up with the animations having put into consideration the changes in the twenty first century. Further, it is noted that video games can be used as interactive texts, which are important in providing sites through which to engage in media literacy. In the case study, it is noted that the Pac-Man game had been revised to allow them comment on space, geography, power relations, and the manner in which resources had been allocated. The games have further been revised to include the social, cultural, and political aspects of the society. The games challenged the destructive urbanization and resisted urban criminality. The students came up with a version of the â€Å"MacArthur Park Hot Dog Chase† which depicts how authorities view the area as a crime infested area full of drug barons. From the case study, it is evident that personalizing video games and sharing the games online can help the youth share strategies that are important in community empowerment and could be used to transform lives. It is important for the youth today to be keener with video games as games could be used as a means of communication. Media activists and the game designers should interact with the youth and deduce what attracts them to play games. Game designers should also take time to create games that reflect the youth’s observation of the society and the digital world. In conclusion, video games are important in passing across crucial information and can be used as a platform to reach out to the youth. Therefore, several factors need to be put into consideration to ensure that games designed are entertaining and educative at the same

Indinisation of jane austen Essay Example for Free

Indinisation of jane austen Essay In Gurinder Chadhas hands, Balraj (Bingley, Naveen Andrews) arrives in Amritsar from Los Angeles with the American hotelier Darcy (Mike Henderson). Balraj likes Maya (Jane, Meghna Kothari), and there is tension, or in Amritsari, tashn between Darcy and Lalita (Elizabeth, Aishwarya Rai). But Balraj and Darcy return to LA and it is only after the Bakshi sisters visit London and LA on the invitation of Kohli (Collins, Nitin Ganatra) that some sort of crisis develops by way of a punch-up between Darcy and Wickham (Daniel Gillies) in a cinema hall and successive slaps for Wickham from two Miss Bakshis. The plot does not make a film any more than it does a novel. The quality of the novel is in the texture of the interaction among characters and their ideas. Now be sincere, Elizabeth says to Darcy in the end. Did you admire me for my impertinence? For the liveliness of your mind, I did, Darcy replies. It is largely Austens creation of that mind that gives Pride and Prejudice its character, and makes of it such a celebrated novel. The film script is another story. In snobbery as directed by Chadha, Darcy wants to know if its safe to eat a pakora because he doesnt want Delhi belly on his first day in India. He says rude things about arranged marriages. Lalita defends it as a global dating service, and so no different from western ways. Darcy says people pay $500 a day for one of his hotel rooms. Thats more than what a lot of Indians earn in a year, Lalita replies by way of lively repartee. Nothing wrong in having standards, he says. So long as you dont impose them on others, replies she. Later, Darcy gallantly gives his first-class seat to Mrs Bakshi to seat himself next to Lalita in economy class when they all happen to meet at Heathrow en route to LA. How can anyone sleep in economy class, Darcy wants to know. Lively Lalita says she will sleep 10 hours in a 10-hour, 53-minute flight. A film that grandly declares itself inspired by Austens novel deserved something better than this for screenplay. After taking on an interesting idea, Chadha deserved to give herself a better scriptwriter than herself. Some of the better lines come straight from the novel; pity that Austen could provide no NRI material for Chadha to lift. What should have been the strength of a film like this emerges as its weakest link. Austen aside, its hard to see what this kind of script can do for anyone other than feeding a British audience yet more cliches of their idea of ways Indian. This is the flip side of Indianising icons; every such feed adds to a reduction. Within this adventure, Indianness is reduced, and by the same failing, Elizabeth is reduced. Far from the style of Elizabeth, Lalita emerges as a singularly dumb creature. Here Aishwarya, such as she is, seems to fit the script, such as it is. She never gets past that look-at-doe-eyed-me look. She rode a chariot that her admirers made for her when she became Miss World, and she hasnt gotten off it yet. She looks afraid that a real expression would mark her as a woman of the world rather than the lady on the chariot. Her expressions seem to halt in the early stages of formation; who knows which particular look might trap her in an unflattering snapshot? She travels the world a prisoner of her facial paint. Chadhas shadow of the book limps along in faltering episodes that fail to hold together, or to hold the audience. The characters only move from one country to another without appearing much moved in their selves. At the heart of the story is the idea of giving up pride and letting go of prejudices. Elizabeth sees how hearsay and her own misjudgement led her away from truth. She thinks she was blind, partial, prejudiced, absurd, I, who prided myself on my discernment. Nothing much happens to Chadhas characters. Theyre comfortable passengers (pardon the Punjabi! ), just transferring from a jumbo jet to a couple of elephants in Amritsar for the shaadi in the end. The faux-Bollywood style doesnt quite pull off either. The song-and-dance sequences seem to follow the dumb end of Bollywood style. Coming to Bollywood, as it has so regrettably come to be known, the film probably needed Madhuri Dixit, and screenplay of the Farhan Akhtar class. The script is self-consciously synthetic, the lyrics flat when audible, the music forgotten as you hear it, the film forgettable once youve seen it. The idea of adaptation wasnt bad, the adaptation is. It is a translation that fails both languages.

Steven King :: Essays Papers

Steven King "If you have an imagination, let it run free." - Steven King, 1963 The King of Terror Stephen Edwin King is one of today's most popular and best selling writers. King combines the elements of psychological thrillers, science fiction, the paranormal, and detective themes into his stories. In addition to these themes, King sticks to using great and vivid detail that is set in a realistic everyday place. Stephen King who is mainly known for his novels, has broadened his horizons to different types of writings such as movie scripts, nonfiction, autobiographies, children's books, and short stories. While Stephen King might be best known for his novels The Stand and It, some of his been published are his short stories such as "The Body" and "Quitters Inc". King's works are so powerful because he uses his experience and observations from his everyday life and places them into his unique stories. Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, at the Maine General Hospital. Stephen, his mother Nellie, and his adopted brother David were left to fend f or themselves when Stephen's father Donald, a Merchant Marine captain, left one day, to go the store to buy a pack of cigarettes, and never returned. His fathers leaving had a big indirect impact on King's life. In the autobiographical work Danse Macabre, Stephen King recalls how his family life was altered: "After my father took off, my mother, struggled, and then landed on her feet." My brother and I didn't see a great deal of her over the next nine years. She worked a succession of continuous low paying jobs." Stephen's first outlooks on life were influenced by his older brother and what he figured out on his own. While young Stephen and his family moved around the North Eastern and Central United States. When he was seven years old, they moved to Stratford, Connecticut. Here is where King got his first exposure to horror. One evening he listened to the radio adaptation of Ray Bradbury's story "Mars Is Heaven!" That night King recalls he "slept in the doorway, where the real and rational light of the bathroom bulb could shine on my face" (Beaham 16). Stephen King's exposure to oral storytelling on the radio had a large impact on his later writings. King tells his stories in visual terms so that the reader would be able to "see" what was happening in their own mind, somewhat in the same fashion the way it was done on the radio (Beaham 17).

Effects Of Smoking Ban On Students Education Essay

AbstractionThe school smoking prohibition policy has been recommended and even implemented in assorted establishments but many inquiries are still being raised about its significance and how effectual it is to the targeted population. This survey seeks to happen out whether it is necessary to hold smoking prohibition policy in schools and whether it has an consequence on the overall life of the pupils. The survey besides aims at happening out how effectual smoke prohibition policy can be and the appropriate scheme that should be applied to do it effectual. In order to happen out these the survey will affect aggregation of informations both from primary and secondary beginnings which will so be verified, analyzed, and a study prepared. The result of this research will be of import to the implementers of smoking prohibition in schools as it will assist them maximise the benefits associated with such a policy.IntroductionThe execution of tobacco-free environments in school is now a comm on tendency in most parts of the universe and this follows a recommendation by the Center for Disease Control ( CDC, 1994 ) . This recommendation was one of the tools that was aimed at commanding smoke among the young persons therefore it was a scheme that targeted the young persons and included the prohibition of smoking within the school premises or belongings including at events that involved schools even when taking topographic point off from the school ( CDC, 1994 ) . It non merely restricted pupils but besides school forces and visitants were included in this bracket provided they were within the restricted zones and events. This policy has nevertheless been defined otherwise from one part to another, either manner the above elements must be addressed and included in the definition ( Small et al, 2001 ) .PurposesIt is a common pattern that before any policy is recommended or implemented significant grounds must be provided to demo that it is truly important and will run into t he intended ends non burying to advert the effects that it may hold on the targeted group and the community at big. Such issues have ever led to many inquiries being asked most of which can merely be answered through research or related surveies. The smoke prohibition is one of such issues and has ever faced a figure of unfavorable judgments and support in about equal proportion since it is an issue that touches the day-to-day lives of many. The fact people are free to smoke anyplace and at anytime greatly affects the life of non-smokers negatively while is enjoyed by tobacco users ; conversely, smoking limitations is good intelligence to non-smokers but bad intelligence to tobacco users therefore such policies need appropriate and in-depth analysis before they are implemented. The chief purpose of this research will be to happen out the relationship between the smoke prohibition and the academic public presentation of pupils and to assist in this the undermentioned inquiry will be answered ; is school smoking prohibitions helpful or harmful to pupils? This will so take to other sub-questions which include ; is there a relationship between smoking prohibitions and smoking prevalence among pupils? Does school smoke prohibitions relate to the academic accomplishment of pupils? What is the best scheme to censor smoke in schools? Does the socioeconomic position of the pupils have an consequence on the result of smoking prohibition policy?AimsPresently there are many instances of school agitations caused by pupils through work stoppages which lead to break of activities and even devastation of belongings. Such actions have more frequently been associated to drug and substance usage among pupils which include smoke, imbibing and other manners of administrating dr ugs. This has besides led to the drastic decrease on public presentation degrees of pupils. Since all these are unwanted occurrences there has been changeless hunt on the possible and most effectual agencies of commanding and at best wholly conveying to an terminal the usage of drugs in schools and all educational establishments. Smoking prohibition in schools has been one of the recommendations that have been put frontward but has faced several challenges with a batch of inquiries being raised on the effectivity of such a move, this has truly affected the execution of this smoke prohibition policy. It is hence really necessary that the arising inquiries be answered and put clearly to be understood so as to ease its execution and the best manner to happen these replies is through research. Given that this survey will non merely happen out the importance of smoking prohibition on schools but besides seek to work out the mystifier on the effectivity of such prohibitions, it will be a really important tool to the implementers of such policies. Through the usage of the consequences of this research schools will be able to place whether it is deserving presenting such a policy, where they have non been, or keeping the policy, in a instance where they exist. At the same clip, the concerned implementers will place the right schemes to be used to implement smoking prohibition policy in schools. Sing these benefits, it is obvious that this research will be important to the community at big since it addresses an issue that is of great concern among the communities in all districts. Since it touches on the young person who are ever looked upon for future prosperity of any state, the significance will finally be felt all through the state and even beyond boundary lines.Literature reappraisalMany young persons get initiated into smoking through many ways and by different persons, this is a wont that they continue with and ne'er program to discontinue about throughout their lives and many factors have been pointed out to do this ( Abernathy et al, 2002 ; Conrad et Al, 1992 ) . Even though school smoke prohibition is the cosmopolitan recommendation towards halting this wont, there is no touchable grounds that this policy when implemented in isolation leads to a lessening in the prevalence of smoke among pupils and the young person ( Moore et Al, 2006 ; Darling et Al, 2006 ; Kumar et Al, 2005 ; Pentz et Al, 1989 ) . Current surveies have suggested a figure of defects related to the execution of school smoking prohibition such as ineffectualness and the fact that such regulations may be unkind. Smoke and the related wellness behaviours are influenced by such factors as socioeconomic position, instruction, and the general societal environment ( Evans et al, 1994 ; Harris et Al, 2009 ; Lowry et Al, 1996 ) . It has been argued that there are pupils who find themselves initiated into smoking through agencies beyond their control, hence, such pupils may be victims of the unintended load brought by school smoke policy ( Martin et al, 2000 ) . Records late presented indicate that there has been a decrease in smoke in developed states over the past decennary, the states that have had this noteworthy alteration include Canada, Australia, the United States, and a figure of states within Europe ( CDC, 2003 ; van der Wilk & A ; Jansen, 2005 ) . This decrease is nevertheless non due to the school smoke prohibition but is attributed to the extended control schemes that have been applied in these states which include Torahs on revenue enhancement and location of smoke, and societal selling. The fact that many schools have implemented the school smoking prohibition policy since its debut by the Center for Disease Control, irrespective of whether it is effectual or non, has shown that many schools recognize the inauspicious effects of smoke and are ready to work with the wellness sector in making a society which is ‘smoke-free ‘ .MethodologyThis research aims at following a population wellness model of adolescent smoke a s this is viewed to be the perfect population given the aim of the research. With mention to the work of Leatherdale and others ( 2005 ) , a theory was formulated saying that there is a direct connexion between the smoke of young person within the school premises and the subsequent smoke of other pupils. This theory echoes the sentiments expressed by the â€Å" contagious disease theoretical account of adolescent substance usage † which indicate that substance usage among striplings is extremely caused by one-on-one interaction and besides those expressed by other surveies. This research intends to use the multi-level analytical analysis techniques to help in proving for the impact that smoking prohibition has on smoking abetment, these techniques will be used to analyze both school-level and single factors at the same time. The research will besides concentrate on disaffection and school drop-out through the usage of academic public presentation which will move as an alternate index of the former and as a precursor to the latter taking to a hypothesis associating the academic public presentation and being of regulations against smoking in schools. The hypothesis is that the academic public presentation of pupils in schools holding regulations on smoke or smoke prohibitions will be better compared the academic public presentation of the pupils in schools that do non hold such regulations or policies. This besides includes consciousness of the pupils in such schools of the being of such regulations or policies. It will besides be necessary to explicate m ulti-level theoretical accounts holding in head the guidelines given by Aveyard et Al ( 2004 ) which advise on the application of single -level features over-controlling. In these guidelines they argue that it is non in order to command for single degree features in a instance where the multi-level surveies are school-based this is because such characteristics are linked both to the person and the school environment.Research designThe research intends to establish on pupils in different parts, such as different states, and utilize a sample design which is single-stage. In this sample design categories are indiscriminately selected and the stratification is done harmonizing to class and school territory and attempts to integrate all pupils who are present on the twenty-four hours of the survey. Before transporting out the research though, it will be of import to acquire consent from the parents of such pupils which follow the demands put frontward by the several heath and instruction sections. In order to roll up equal information, the survey will utilize questionnaires consisting several points ; these points will seek to happen information sing school regulations, smoke and substance usage, mental wellness, and societal and demographic features. To guarantee that the information collected will be dependable and valid, a really broad population of pupils will be covered and the respondents will be accorded namelessness unless otherwise they do non necessitate it. The information will besides be compared to the available informations from similar studies to look into for consistence particularly where estimations are involved. The survey may nevertheless confront restrictions which may include inability to roll up information about school smoke policy from the decision makers therefore the information provided by the pupils will be indispensable every bit limited as they may look.Inclusion/exclusion standardsIndividual-level variables The primary single degree variable that would be considered is the being of regulations censoring smoking harmonizing to the consciousness of the pupil, this will be found out by presenting a inquiry that straight asks this and giving the pupil an option of giving a straightforward reply to the inquiry. The other variables that will be taken into consideration at the single degree during the research will be grade, gender, abode, socioeconomic position of the household, and highest degree of instruction of one of the parents, sooner the female parent, which is besides a socioeconomic degree index. All these variables are viewed to hold a direct consequence on the pupil as an single therefore are of import to see ( Fagan et al, 2005 ) . School-level variables There are variables that will be considered at school-level and these will be generated from the responses or informations collected from the single variables. The first variable in this instance is the prevalence of regulations or policy censoring smoke in schools and this will be deduced from the responses given by the pupils as persons and will bespeak the mean per centum of schools that have such regulations. This research is expected to take three hebdomads divided into three subdivisions that are back-to-back and each enduring a hebdomad. The subdivisions will be the pre-study hebdomad, the intercession hebdomad, and the post-study hebdomad in that order. The pre-study hebdomad will be utilized by detecting the smoke behaviours of persons in all the targeted groups and their interaction with pupils, the intercession hebdomad will be for roll uping the needed information through the agencies that have been identified, and the post-study hebdomad will be for analysing the information collected and coming up with a study.Ethical considerationSmoke is a wont that has been embraced by many and more are still fall ining the conference of tobacco users therefore it is an issue that is really sensitive to manage. Apart from holding a societal consequence on persons, it besides touches on the economic system since the concern of coffin nails generates high degree of gross and besides provides em ployment to a good figure of persons. Recommending and implementing any policy that seems to deter of hinder the sale and usage of coffin nails ever draws assorted reactions from the general population ; school smoke prohibition is one such policy. It is therefore the consideration of the survey non to disregard such possible reactions and will avoid being personal on any issue throughout the research procedure. The survey will lodge to the issues that it targets without affecting on other issues that are non connected in any manner to the survey.ResultsThose back uping smoking-free school policies argue that pupils are straight affected by the smoke of those persons who they view as their function theoretical accounts in the community and these include non merely grownups but besides fellow young persons who are ever around them. Their attitudes and development of involvement are based on the mode in which people around them handle smoking and how they talk about it and most of the times they will be given to emulate them. There is experimental grounds that have been put frontward with respect to this which indicates that most pupils tend to copy other young persons who smoke within school belongings Oklahoman or subsequently. With respect to this so it is right to province that schools holding smoking prohibitions should register low smoke rates among the pupils both within and outside school. Given that it is non easy to state precisely what per centum of success of non-smoking sum pupils is attributed to smoking prohibitions, there have been assorted grounds with respect to the effectivity of smoking prohibitions. In order to stop this statement so there should be a manner of turn outing that smoking prohibitions have really discouraged the young persons from smoking or affecting in smoking related activities. A figure of surveies have been carried out to happen this and a few have come out with the decision that there is a relationship between smoking prohibitions and decreased smoke among pupils and farther stressing that this greatly relied on the mode in which such a policy is enforced. Conversely, other surveies did non successfully show the nexus that exists between smoking prevalence in schools and smoking prohibition policy in schools. The differences that appear in these are surveies are due to several factors such as the fluctuations in the schemes of implement ing and implementing the policy, the purpose behind such policy, and the extent of coverage in footings of population and length of clip. In add-on to these it has been found that there are great fluctuations in the countenances imposed on lawbreakers and the degree of their enforcement, this is apparent both within and outside a individual authorization. The undermentioned hypotheses were therefore put forward: All the pupils who said that their schools had non adopted the school smoke prohibition policies, or those who were non cognizant of the being of such policies would be extremely exposed to the hazard of smoking induction when compared to their chaps who were in schools where the policy was embraced and the pupils were cognizant of its being notwithstanding the rates of smoke. Students who were in schools with regulations on smoking would appreciate the significance of holding protective mechanisms on smoking induction as compared to pupils from schools that do non hold such regulations. This implies that smoking prohibition would impact positively on the pupils in footings of attitude which would interpret to cut down smoke rates among the young person. The socioeconomic position of the pupils would be of great influence to the consequences without sing the handiness of the smoke prohibition policy in schools.

Home Reading Report Task

A Home Reading Report Task in GED 211 3:30-4:30 Submitted to: Prof. Jocelyn Bacasmut Submitted by: Vanessa Lou P. Jagdon BSED-English March 15, 2013 Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank our Lord Almighty God for the knowledge that He has given to me. His gift helped me to comprehend the book/novel that I’ve read for the whole term. Secondly, a huge thanks to my ever supportive family, I mean financially and emotionally they were always present. Also, to my friends who shows great moral support while I’m doing this Home Reading Report Task.And lastly, to Lisa Gardner, the author of â€Å"The Third Victim†, she is obviously the main reason why I chose this book since I got hooked on her story. It’s mysterious, intriguing, and psychologically thrilling. iii Table of Contents Book Cover †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ii Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. iii __________________________________________________________ Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Analysis of the novel a. Setting†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 b. Characters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 c. Mode †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 d.Plot †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 i. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 ii. Rising action †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 iii. Climax †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 iv. Falling action †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 4 v. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 e. Theme †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Refection †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Picture †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Summary In the small town of Bakersville, Oregon, an unthinkable and tragic crime happens. The small town was rocked when a lone gunman opens fire at the Bakersville’s K-8.Instead of himself, Sheriff S hep O’Grady surprisingly places Officer Lorraine Connor as the primary. Once on the scene, Officer Rainie Connor saw the Computer-science Teacher Miss Melissa Avalon, with a clean shot on her head by the mass murderer. Two little girls were also killed but with multiple bullets. Much of the physical evidence is already damaged due to the chaos that occurred before Raine arrives on the scene, but more contamination follows. Rainie arrested the thirteen year old Danny O’Grady. The Sheriff's troubled and loner son is found holding the murder weapons. He confesses to the shootings.His father further contaminates the crime scene before Raine can get him to leave. He loves his son that much, and he believes that Danny, his little boy, can’t hurt them especially his favorite Computer-Science teacher Miss Avalon. Police Officer Shep is determined that his son will not go to prison no matter what he has to do or say. But the townspeople are certain that the killer has be en found and only want him punished, no matter what his age. The State sends Homicide Detective Abe Sanders, a methodical cop, to take charge of the case. FBI Special Agent Pierce Quincy leaves his dying daughter to also join the investigation.Now the question arises; did Danny actually commit the crime although all evidence points to him or is there someone behind all this? Quincy tells Raine that he has some doubts about Danny being the killer because of the precise way the teacher was murdered. As the trio works together, the town wonders why a good little boy would do such a bad thing. Overwhelming evidence points towards the lad but some items lead to a more professional murderer yet no clear suspect surfaces. Unconsciously, they didn’t know that the real killer was just inside the town, following them, especially Officer Rainie Conner. 1As they go deeper to the investigation, a dark secret that Rainie has been hiding for 14 years was revealed. It was the horrific death of her mother. It was suspected that Rainie killed her mother. That’s what the real mass murderer loved about Rainie, the thought that she killed her own mother and the thing that he regretted that he didn’t do it to his abusive father. Due to Detective Sanders, FBI Agent Quincy and Officer Connor’s thorough investigation, they found out that Danny is not innocent on the school shooting. He is the one who killed the two little girls, but someone influenced him to do it so.It is the school councilor, Richard Mann. This man’s real identity is Henry Hawkins of Minneapolis, Minnesota. He only uses the name Richard Mann to get inside the school district. Quincy was able to link him to other school shooting wherein a student was a major suspect. As Quincy and Detective Sanders seek for the mass murderer, Officer Connor found herself in the woods. She was kidnapped by Henry Hawkins. He forced Rainie to admit that she killed her mom and state to him on how does i t feel to take the life of her mother.He got peeved when Lorraine Connor denied on exterminating her mother but, she admitted that she killed her mother’s boyfriend because he raped her. Since Hawkins got frustrated, he attempted slaying Rainie. Good thing Quincy and the other cops arrived and saved Officer Connor. Henry Hawkins committed suicide right before they caught him. He’s thinking that it is better to die that to be captured alive and devastated. Danny O’Grady was sentenced 25 years of imprisonment and Rainie Connor was removed in the service for killing Dave Duncan, the person who raped her, and buried his corpse on their lawn. â€Å"The Third Victim† Analysis of the Novel a. Setting – Bakersville, Oregon – Bakersville K-8 b. Characters – Lorraine Conner, Danny O’Grady, Shep O’Grady, FBI Agent Pierce Quincy, Detective Abe Sanders, Richard Mann/Henry Hawkins, Sandy O’Grady, Becky O’Grady, Principal VanderZanden, Officer Luke Hayes, c. Mode – Devastation, Frustration, Seeking justice, d. Plot * Introduction – In the small town of Bakersville, Oregon, an unthinkable and tragic crime happens. The small town was rocked when a lone gunman opens fire at the Bakersville’s K-8. Rising Action – The Computer-science teacher was cleanly shot on her, and two other little girls were killed with multiple bullets. Danny confessed that he did all those shootings. Officer Connor arrested him for suspicious murder for seeing him with a gun. The families of the victims were seeking justice and wants Danny O’Grady be imprisoned. * 3 Climax – Detective Sander, FBI Agent Quincy, and Officer Conner made a thorough investigation on the school shooting. And as they go further through the investigation, Officer Connor’s dark past was revealed. Fourteen years ago, Rainie was accused of killing her own mother inside their house.Rumors were all over the to wn and this horrible event makes a way for the criminal to start his long term plan. His disappointment of not having the strength of taking away the life of his merciless and abusive father will soon be eased for this young woman will bring hope for his aching and bone-breaking past. * Falling action – They found out that Richard Mann, the school councilor, was the one who influenced Danny to kill those innocent little girls. They were even able to locate the origin if the killer, his real name is Henry Hawkins from Minneapolis, Minnesota.Quincy was able to link him to other school shooting wherein a student is the major suspect. * Conclusion – They made an entrapment operation to apprehend Richard Mann/Henry Hawkins, but they were too late. He was able to escape just before they arrive. When Rainie went home, she saw Hawkins in her foyer. Unnoticeably, Hawkins hit Rainie’s head and she fell down. When she finally woke up, she just saw herself in the woods. Haw kins forced Rainie to tell him that she really killed her own mother, but Rainie denied it that caused Henry Hawkins to finally kill her. Fortunately, Agent Quincy and his fellow cops arrived and saved Rainie.But it’s too late for Henry Hawkins, he committed suicide before he got caught. e. Theme – Mystery ; Psychological 4 Reflection Through this book, I learned that possible things might have happened, whether it is bad or good. All we have to do is to accept it whole heartedly and move on. Go over with our lives and leave the wicked past behind. There’s nothing we can do to change on what’s already done, but all we can do is to live with it and learn to love it. God gave us life to live, so enjoy it and live life to the fullest. It is not necessary to forget the past, but only those that are needed to be and worth the change.Yes, we’re not perfect and we need to accept the fact that we’re only humans. We get hurt, and ironically most of t he time, but it doesn’t mean that you have all the rights to destroy others lives or let them experience the life that you’ve been living. On the first place, it is your choice to live an unpleasant life. Learn to stop blaming others for someone’s fault. Make use of your time for your own, not for the others. Time heals all wounds, but scars don’t. These scars can’t be left on the past, but are the ones that we need to face for us to live with a peaceful mind and a strong heart. 5

buy custom Denial of Service in Computer Communication essay

buy custom Denial of Service in Computer Communication essay Introduction Denial of service (DoS) attack is usually hard to differentiate from other regular activities within a computer network. It can be associated with an observed reduction in response time while accessing information from a website or network that an attack is being undertaken. Denial of service in computer communication is thus defined as the incident whereby a hacker impedes usage of information and services by the rightful users, from a certain website or network. A hacker manages to prevent users from reaching their e-mails, information, online accounts in addition to other services that depend on the affected section of the network. Almost every computer user is vulnerable to these attacks (US-CERT;, 2004). This article will centre on understanding denial of service in a computer network or a website. It will draw out some of the effective ways of preventing such attacks. The most frequent and noticeable form of DoS attack takes place when a hacker fills a computer network with a lot of information, thereby affecting its computational capabilities. What follows is that when a person writes a URL (uniform resource locator) for a certain website into his or her browser, a request is sent to the server to allow the person view information in the site (US-CERT;, 2004). In case the website is overloaded with such request, its response time will be slow or even not be able to process the request at al. This is because the server can only process a definite number of requests at any given time. The user is therefore denied a service from the website. In addition, another common attack that results to denial of service is use of spam email messages. Every individual with an email account is allocated a particular quota, which helps to bind the information capacity that a person can have in his or her email account at any particular time (Abliz, 2011). When the attacker sends many email messages to the account, he utilizes the quota thereby preventing the person from receiving genuine email massages. Due to the recent increase in modern internet viruses, proportionate number of compromised computers and computer networks has ensued. As a result, these computers can be used to attack most of the websites (US-CERT;, 2004). Attackers normally end up extorting legitimate users huge sums of money to cease their attacks. Types of Denial of Service Attacks SYN Attack After a client sends a request to the server in a computer network, a session is established between them using the Transport Control Program (TCP). However, there is a small space that is left to take care of the messages used for initiating the session. They are packets of information which comprise of a SYN field that searches for the order in the swapping over of messages (Abliz, 2011). In this case, what a hacker does is to send a big number of connection prompts then cease from replying to them. As a result, the initial packet is left in the buffer thereby denying other genuine connection requests from being accommodated (Abliz, 2011). Although the packet is eventually dropped, it ends up denying other rightful users from accessing the information in the website. In case this problem occurs, a network administrato can employ local tools to mitigate it. The size of the buffer and the timeout period can be adjusted to minimize chances of its occurrence. Teardrop Attack In this type of attack, a hacker targets the manner in which a relatively large packet of information is handled by a router for fragmentation purposes by the internet protocol (IP). An offset is usually identified at the beginning of the first packet and the fragmented packets are later reassembled on reception (Vacca, 2009). Nevertheless, in case the computer on the receiving end does not have an established plan to handle this situation, the overall system can crash thereby denying its rightful users the required services. Smurf Attack In this type of attack, a hacker sends an Internet Protocol (IP) ping request to the receiving computer network. Consequently, this packet requests to be distributed to various hosts in the local network on the receiving end. This packet also specifies that it is from another website, which is intended to receive denial of service (Vacca, 2009). The target computer is therefore flooded with ping replies which prevent it from differentiating the actual traffic. Distributed denial of service attack This is an incident whereby a hacker uses someone else computer to launch an attack on another computer. The hacker normally takes advantage of the available weaknesses in someone else personal computer. He can use tools and software that forces someone else computer to send spam messages to certain email addresses (Vacca, 2009). This type of attack is known as distributed since it includes many computers and networks to initiate the attack. Handling DoS Attacks Generally, a person or an institution can defend itself from DoS attacks through preparation, detection and reaction stages. Preparation stage comprises coming up with a security policy, development of good and effective security protocols among other methods. This phase also ensures that the most important services are independent and therefore they are separate from each other (Dawson Raghavan, 2011). Furthermore, there is need to create a collaborative plan with the internet service provider in addition to other response plans at the event of an attack. The detection stage is supposed to occur automatically. In order to respond within the shortest time possible, the attack should be detected early enough (Molsa, 2006). The longer it takes for a network administrator to detect an attack, the more the loss incurred and possibilities of counteracting the attack. The other stage is known as the reaction phase. It comprises of two sub-sections, categorization and mitigation. In the categorization stage, the attacked user should authenticate if the attack is actually going on and also be able to evaluate it so as to identify the notable features of the attack. When the nature of the attack is identified, it helps in mitigation stage. For a long time, network administrators have been using labor-intensive procedures to respond to DoS attacks. These procedures are usually labor intensive since they involve tracing the route path of the attack traffic manually so as to identify the source. However, there are more elaborate automatic systems which are used to provide quick response to such attacks (US-CERT;, 2004). It is worth noting that reaction strategies usually centre on ways of mitigating the impacts of the attack. Defense Mechanisms Every host on the internet can be a target to DoS attack no matter how complex its security system is. The safety of computer networks is therefore dependent on how much protection is given to other hosts that are connected to the internet. It is of paramount importance to detect compromised computer devices connected to the internet to aid in protection against DoS attacks (Dawson Raghavan, 2011). The effectiveness in defending against DoS attacks is dependent on how fast attack is detected and counteractive measures employed. When connected to the internet, the following defense options should be employed to eliminate loopholes for DoS attack. Any service that is unnecessary should be done away with. This helps to reduce chances of exploitation by a hacker to access susceptible areas of the network attacks (Dawson Raghavan, 2011). Therefore, any application on a computer that is not in use or relevant, should be removed. Additionally, a firewall should be installed in any computer or network to monitor access to the network. The firewall helps to filter out the general public from accessing information that is shared in a local network. Connections to an ISP (internet service provider) is supposed to be well looked into. Also, access to the wireless Local area networks and other access routes to the internet should also be well monitored against attacks (Dawson Raghavan, 2011). This implies that routers should be well configured to prevent creating points of vulnerability. People should be encouraged to use passwords that are not easy to guess and that cannot be easily cracked by hackers. The passwords can also be changed from time to time. It is very important to use antivirus software that is always up to date. This will help to detect and eliminate viruses effectively (Vacca, 2009). Users should be very careful when accessing attached files and links sent through emails. They should also take caution while installing software on their personal computers (Vacca, 2009). There is need to read and understand the license agreement before software installation. However, most of the time, people do not pay attention to the license agreement requirements which defines the status of the contract between the user and the manufacturer of the software. Sometimes, these agreements allow third parties to access crucial information which can later provide best avenues for DoS attack. Conclusion Denial of service attacks is currently a common problem on the internet. It encourages cyber-terrorism and other related attacks on the internet that demands illegal extortions. It is an activity that can cost legitimate users huge amounts of money. The saddest thing is that there are readily available tools that necessitate execution of these illegal activities (Vacca, 2009). However, when effective defense mechanisms are employed as outlined above, an individual or an organization is safe from these threats. Buy custom Denial of Service in Computer Communication essay

Chemical and Biological Weapons essays

Chemical and Biological Weapons essays Chemical weapons are chemical agents of warfare taken to be chemical substances, whether gaseous, liquid, or solid, which might be harmful because of their direct toxic effect on human, animals, and plants. A chemical agent is a chemical substance, which is intended for use in military operations to kill or seriously injure people because of its physiological effects. Chemical weapons can be classified into two main categories by their instability, persistent and non-persistent agents. A persistent agent continues to present a hazard for a considerable period after its delivery. It remains as a contact hazard or by vaporizing over a period to produce a hazard by inhalation. A non-persistent agent breaks up rapidly after its release and presents an immediate but short-lived hazard. They are released as airborne particles, liquids, and gasses. Intoxication usually results from the inhalation of the chemical agent. The effectiveness of a chemical weapon is the capacity of an agent to produce the maximum number of casualties or amount of disruption of operations with the least amount of agent. There are many factors that can influence the effectiveness of a chemical agent: such as the amount of the agent release, environmental factors, population size and more. The duration of effectiveness for a chemical agent depends on several meteorological factors such as: Winds- Winds allow chemical agents to disperse rapidly in certain locations. Lack of wind can cause a build-up in the concentration of certain chemical agents. Temperature- High temperatures tend to decrease the persistence of some agents while cold temperatures tend to increase the persistence of some agents. Rain- Rain affects chemical agents by disposing of some or by promoting hydrolysis in some agents. Overall rain may dispose of some particular agents, but others will most likely still be able to be used. Atmospheric Stability- When the temperature of the a...

The Essay Expert’s Top 10 Lists of 2015

The Essay Expert’s Top 10 Lists of 2015 I started a tradition last year of compiling a list of some of my favorite lists at the end of the year. This year I’ve decided to alternate the items between subjects relevant to The Essay Expert’s favorite topics of discussion and those of more general or flighty interest. You’ll find lists here on topics from creating a powerful year ahead to brain teasers, LinkedIn statistics, CEO fiascos, and, yes, even cat videos. Have fun! Change Your Thinking, Change Your Results. This list of questions will give you a valuable baseline from which to start your year. You can ask these questions of yourself now, then in another 3 months, 6 months, etc. How do you rate yourself now? How do you want to rate yourself? And what will it take to get there? I’d recommend partnering with an accountability buddy on this one! Top 10 Visual Illusions. What can I say†¦ I love this stuff! My eyes were tricked by some of them! But I did find the baby in #10. 29 New Year’s Resolution Ideas – Make 2016 Your Best Year Ever. The resolutions on this list are as simple as â€Å"enjoy the little things† and are sure to improve your mental and physical well-being if you commit to them! They come along with links to sites that will support you in your goals. Choose one or two that speak to you and make 2016 truly your best year ever. The Worst CEO Screw-Ups of 2015. Susan Adams is one of my favorite bloggers and I recently discovered her yearly run-down of CEO screw-ups. From drug companies to auto companies to Yahoo, the egregious errors abound. By the Numbers: 125+ Amazing LinkedIn Statistics. This one is an encore from last year, updated for 2015! LinkedIn is up to 400 million users. Full disclosure: Most of the statistics here are from previous years, but I still like them anyway. 20 Alternative Uses For Common Household Items. Did you know that petroleum jelly can keep your car doors from freezing shut and that raw honey is an antibiotic? I am sharing this one again since I forgot half the tips since last year! Top 100 Best Places to Live. My city, Madison, WI, dropped from #1 to #3, but I still like this list!! Rochester, MN is #1 – who knew? If you’re considering a move in the next year, this list might inform your decision. Tips for â€Å"Beginning† Bloggers. I put â€Å"Beginning† in quotes because this list applies to all bloggers, no matter how long they’ve been blogging! Are you thinking of starting a blog, or feeling stuck with writing a current one? Either way, this list is for you. Top 10 Job Search Predictions for 2016. From predictions about millennials to trends in mobile and video recruitment, this article paints a picture of the job search landscape for the coming year. Funny Cats Compilation of 2015. Really, what would a top 10 list be without a cat video entry? I happen to find falling people and animals very funny, as long as no one gets hurt. So these got a good chuckle out of me! What’s your favorite list from 2015? Please share! And if you have candidates for the list as 2016 unfolds, please send them my way!

Movie Review Assignment To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay

Movie Review Assignment To Kill a Mocking Bird - Essay Example The story then gravitates to Atticus Finch accepting the charge of Judge Taylor to defend Tom Robinson, a black man accused of assaulting and raping a white woman, Mayella Ewell. Atticus' acceptance of the case creates a stir in their small community, which affects his children somewhat negatively until he explains to them that if he refuses to defend Tom Robinson, he will no longer be able to hold his head up high in their town, meaning that he will no longer be qualified to be a guide as to what is wrong or right. But while Atticus has proven the innocence of his client, he loses his case and Tom Robinson loses heart; Tom tries to escape and is killed. Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout afterwards, but they are saved by Boo Radley. The film attempts to portray with accuracy the disparity that existed between the white people and the colored people in the early part of the 20th century. The Jim Crow laws - laws delineating the segregation of the white people from the black people - are fully enforced at the time of the film's setting, which is 1932. It was a difficult time for the African Americans then; they were hardly treated like human beings. They are not allowed to use the same facilities. There are separate water fountains, public transports, theaters, restaurants, libraries and the like for blacks and for whites. They cannot be enrolled in the same school. They cannot intermarry. Blacks cannot be hired for any other jobs other than menial ones in some states. And while they have the right to vote, blacks have to pass certain tests and requirements in order to exercise that right, while the whites are not encumbered by such requirements. Examples of how the Jim Crow laws are applied back then are present in the movie, but while discrimination is one of the themes tackled by the film, the examples are not given jarring emphasis; rather, they blend well in the general flow of the story. One example is that two of the three black characters named in the film are employed in menial jobs. Tom Robinson is a field hand while Calpurnia works as a maid in the Finch household. White people at that time are prohibited from hiring black people except to do menial jobs. Other examples that can be seen in the film are the separate seating arrangement of blacks and whites in the county courthouse, Bob Ewell calling Tom's father "boy" even though the latter obviously looks far older than him, the attitude their society takes on the matter of a white woman having relations with a black man (as implied in the testimonies given by all parties involved during the trial), and the all-white jury that deliberated on the case of Tom Robinson. The all-white jury is probably the very reason why Atticus Finch lost his case, despite the success he achieved in casting the testimonies of the prosecution's witnesses in questionable light, as well as the compelling closing argument he gave to the jury. First, Atticus establishes that the bruises and injuries sustained by Mayella Ewell were mostly on the right side of her face and body, which means that the blows were dealt with the right hand of the assaulter, and that two hands are needed to pin her down. Second, he casts a shadow on Bob Ewell's character, making him seem an illiterate person who is given to rage and violence when drunk. Third, he makes Tom Robinson catch a glass, proving

Report on security (read attachmment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report on security (read attachmment) - Essay Example Physiological and /or behavioural characteristics are two basis of biometric recognition system. Human characteristics used for biometric recognition system are based on parametres like: universality, uniqueness, permanence, collectability, performance, acceptability, and circumvention, Ofcom(2009). Furthermore, verification and identification are two modes in system operation. Few technical considerations in selecting a system are false accept rate or false match rate (FAR or FMR), false reject rate or false non-match rate (FRR or FNMR), receiver/relative operating characteristics (ROC), equal error rate or crossover error rate (EER or CER), failure to enroll rate (FTE or FER), failure to capture rate (FTC), and template capacity. Dynamic Air Parts plc is currently using swipe card sytem .Swipe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The swipe card system is read by ph ysical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head. An individually encoded pass card looks a like a credit card. The stripe on the back of the security pass card is a magnetic stripe, often called a magstripe. Typically, the data on an encoded security swipecard includes: 1. Name 2. ID # (social security number or other unique number) 3. Access level (where you're allowed to go) Next generation of magnetic cards - Smartcards. Smart Cards or Smartcards is the term referred to cards, made from plastic, with similarities in size, thickness and other physical appearance as plastic credit cards. It can describe chip card or integrated circuit card. Smart cards in addition have an Integrated Circuit (IC) Chip embedded in it. Smart cards are also known as IC cards and ICC cards. The amount of information can be stored in smart cards is much greater compared to magnetic stripe cards. Some of them can also be reprogrammed to add, delete or rearrange data. Compared to magnetic cards, sm art cards offer more advantages, such as: 1. They can be readily reconfigured. 2. They are reusable. 3. They give more security, thus reducing the risk of transaction fraud . 4. They are much more durable and reliable. 5. They allow multiple applications to be stored in one card. 6. It provides reduction in costs. 7. It has technical specification standards. 8. It gives security of information. 9. It has more organized information. 10. It has emergency information. 11. The process doesn't require paper. 12. One card can access multiple transactions. 13. It reduces fraud. 14. It has high memory capabilities. 15. It has the ability for on-site approval. 16. End-user only accessibility. Besides advantages, smart cards also have some disadvantages, such as: 1. It gives liability issues if stolen or lost. 2. The accuracy of information is small. 3. Lack of technology to support users . 4. It is potential hazard to data security since too much data is stored on one card if lost or stolen. 5. It is a potential area for computer hackers and computer viruses. Fingerprint Recognition Systems. A fingerprint contain a number of unique physical characteristics called minutiae, which includes cert ain visible aspects of fingerprints such as ridges, ridge endings and bifurcations (forks in ridges). Minutiae are generally found in the core points of

HRM in Libya Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

HRM in Libya - Coursework Example Libya, before it attained its independence, was a colony of Italy. Italy colonized Libya until 1951. Libya was formed by the combination of three provinces, Fezzan, Cyrenaica and Tripolitania during the times of colonization. Due to this colonial background, Libya has several aspects that differ with other counterparts of the prominent world of Arabs to which it’s a member alongside 21 other nations. Apart from being colonized by Italy, Libya had been occupied by other powers as well. These were Greeks, Phoenicians, as well as Arabs.The nation had, since independence, been ruled by a monarchical government. But this was to last until 1969 when a coup d’etat was successfully carried out and this saw 70 army officers seize the power from the then government. The overall leader was to be Colonel Muammar Qadhafi and their government was more of group leadership. It also changed the course of Libya to an Arab Socialist state, which marked the end of capitalism and Marxism.Qa dhafi has from then onwards had a great influence on this function of HRM. His movement’s aim was especially at halting inefficiency and enhance national coordination of the political system. He urged his followers to do away with the traditional system of governance and take up a new one. This was to be â€Å"people’s committee† and its establishment became far and wide to organizations in Libya. The system of â€Å"people’s committees,† thus had a great impact on employee-management in Libya. It especially based its approach on direct democracy as put across in Qadhafi’s book ‘The Green Book’ of 1976.   The book subsequently saw the introduction of  all people’s participatory structure of â€Å"people’s congress† and later on to a new element of â€Å"revolutionary committees†. Capitalism was thus in a total ban in Libya and it was followed by new dawn of employees’ self-management via committees as well as partnerships of profit participation in public and private enterprises alike. A law on the property was also passed and forbid ownership of more than a private place of dwelling. Libyan employees also took over the control of the nation’s big companies, which were now state-run.Socialism, therefore, has had a conspicuous impact on the HRM system of Libya. It depends, mostly, upon the exportation of oil. As per the estimates of 2000 unemployment rate stood at 30% and the labor force at 1.5 million workers. Islam and the overall Arabic culture have also affected the course of Human Resource Management in Libya.

Should GMO foods be banned in the United States Essay

Should GMO foods be banned in the United States - Essay Example As a result, various research studies try to convince us concerning the truth about the GMO foods from these two perspectives. Regarding this point, the idea about GMO foods could hardly become an exact science. This thought convinces me to go with the idea that GMO foods should be banned in the United States, for as long as there is still no clear point of truth concerning its safety, and for as long as there are prevailing studies trying to convince us of its associated potential health hazards. To illustrate the above point further, the analogy of testing the depth and safety of an ocean is appropriate. One may not automatically take the plunge into it knowing that there are primary or some major considerations that have to be taken into account. Aside from testing its depth, one major concern is its safety. Would it be safer to take the plunge knowing the idea that there might be some creepy creatures down there prowling for their prey? With its deep blue color, nothing from the deeper portion could be vividly observed from the surface, but whatever is down there will have the great chance to see anything coming into their sight. We always have fear of the unknown. Let us consider if this fear of the unknown we have right now for GMO foods is justifiable. ... In some certain level, they both might have all the points. However, this continuous inquiry and investigation is a fundamental way for us to know further down to the truth. The ongoing contradiction against GMO foods is a healthy process towards understanding a far deeper truth about them. Thus, for the mean time that everything might turn out as not an exact science concerning the GMO foods, it is better not to acquire it for commercial use in the United States. The relevant findings for now might just add up to the level of fear we have for the unknown concerning GMO foods. Let us take the case of an alarming pesticide residue in a growing number of products. This was very alarming in the area of US agriculture. According to Chavez, â€Å"We have known for many years that pesticides used in agriculture pollute the air, earth and water, contaminate animals and humans, and are found in the tissue of new born infants and mothers’ milk† (McKibben 691). Some genetically m odified foods contain genetic materials from natural organisms like in the case of BT corn to contain a natural pesticide that would not create any harm to the environment. In fact, aside from the point of gaining higher yield, this was the sophisticated approach to minimize the detrimental impact of chemicals to the ecological balance by deliberately using commercial pesticides. Monarch butterfly and BT corn controversy marked a significant point prior to the level of acceptance we have for GMO foods today. In an experiment, it was found that Monarch butterflies feeding on the pollen of BT corn were found to have high mortality rate. BT corn is a transgenic crop, by which a genetic code of an organism that could kill pest was inserted to the corn’s DNA

Pharmaceuticals and Job Lock-Out Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pharmaceuticals and Job Lock-Out - Assignment Example Also, cost of health care is projected to rise from the current $2.1 trillion yearly to $4 trillion in the next 10 years (Callahan, 2008). These escalating costs are significant contributors to the rising number of uninsured people. Business entities are finding it difficult to cater for their employees’ health benefits. The current statistics show that about 61% of employers afford to pay for their employees insurance as compared to a decade ago which was about 70%. Also, employers that give their employees the health benefits are using co-payments and deductibles as a means of reducing their expenses thus forces employees to pay more. The uninsured lot that is about 15% is at a risk of both health-wise and financially. Nevertheless, the high health cost currently threatens everyone, even those in Medicaid and Medicare programs (Callahan, 2008). Hitherto, though there is great awareness among people on the risks of rising costs, this problem has not compelled the attention of the public, media or presidents with the pressure of the uninsured (this is true irrespective of the recent opinions polls showing its rising popularity). There are quite developments of strategies to achieve universal care, but not much has been done in cost control since it is implicitly unpopular. This is the case since by controlling the costs, it means others will have to give something up and agree to something different (Callahan, 2008). Pharmaceuticals play a major role in providing medical resources for cure, treatment and prevention. Patents rights and rights to intellectual property develop obstacles to competition and manipulate pricing. There are some recent policies that try to limit access to certain types of pharmaceuticals. One of such policy is proposed by the Obama administration. The policy restricts the range of insurance plan on the various drug classes. This proposed policy is receiving strong opposition from both drug companies and patient

Should GMO foods be banned in the United States Essay

Should GMO foods be banned in the United States - Essay Example As a result, various research studies try to convince us concerning the truth about the GMO foods from these two perspectives. Regarding this point, the idea about GMO foods could hardly become an exact science. This thought convinces me to go with the idea that GMO foods should be banned in the United States, for as long as there is still no clear point of truth concerning its safety, and for as long as there are prevailing studies trying to convince us of its associated potential health hazards. To illustrate the above point further, the analogy of testing the depth and safety of an ocean is appropriate. One may not automatically take the plunge into it knowing that there are primary or some major considerations that have to be taken into account. Aside from testing its depth, one major concern is its safety. Would it be safer to take the plunge knowing the idea that there might be some creepy creatures down there prowling for their prey? With its deep blue color, nothing from the deeper portion could be vividly observed from the surface, but whatever is down there will have the great chance to see anything coming into their sight. We always have fear of the unknown. Let us consider if this fear of the unknown we have right now for GMO foods is justifiable. ... In some certain level, they both might have all the points. However, this continuous inquiry and investigation is a fundamental way for us to know further down to the truth. The ongoing contradiction against GMO foods is a healthy process towards understanding a far deeper truth about them. Thus, for the mean time that everything might turn out as not an exact science concerning the GMO foods, it is better not to acquire it for commercial use in the United States. The relevant findings for now might just add up to the level of fear we have for the unknown concerning GMO foods. Let us take the case of an alarming pesticide residue in a growing number of products. This was very alarming in the area of US agriculture. According to Chavez, â€Å"We have known for many years that pesticides used in agriculture pollute the air, earth and water, contaminate animals and humans, and are found in the tissue of new born infants and mothers’ milk† (McKibben 691). Some genetically m odified foods contain genetic materials from natural organisms like in the case of BT corn to contain a natural pesticide that would not create any harm to the environment. In fact, aside from the point of gaining higher yield, this was the sophisticated approach to minimize the detrimental impact of chemicals to the ecological balance by deliberately using commercial pesticides. Monarch butterfly and BT corn controversy marked a significant point prior to the level of acceptance we have for GMO foods today. In an experiment, it was found that Monarch butterflies feeding on the pollen of BT corn were found to have high mortality rate. BT corn is a transgenic crop, by which a genetic code of an organism that could kill pest was inserted to the corn’s DNA

Importance of Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of Theory - Essay Example Some nursing theories are broad while others are narrow. What is the difference between broad and narrow theories? The difference is that for narrow theories, they have a narrow range, are more real and practical. While for broad theories, they are termed as grand theories. Based on narrow theories, there is the middle – range theory. The middle range theory may be used to refer to narrow theories in particular (Davies, 2005). This paper specifically looks at the transition theory. Section one of this paper has an evaluation of the importance of nursing theory, broadly to nursing practice. Section two summarizes the main concepts and relationships of the chosen nursing theory. The third section avails a discussion of how the chosen nursing theory views nursing leadership, nursing education, nursing informatics or health policy along with 2 real life examples. The final section is the conclusion, whereby the ideas and comprehensions on nursing theory learned from writing this p aper are shared. Nursing theories are vital in nursing practice for various reasons that are not limited to those stated in this paper. As noted earlier, nursing theories avail a structure for critical thinking through which situations encountered in the nursing practice are evaluated. Each day in the nursing practice comes with new experiences. As these new experiences are met, nursing theories provide the structures for preparation, examination, and making decisions. Decision making is one of the most important aspects of nursing practice. A nurse must be accountable for every decision that he or she makes during practice. Nursing theories avail the framework for communication. Communication is key in nursing practice as it enables passing of vital information. Nursing theories facilitate communication among nurses and with other health professionals through the framework. Nursing as a discipline is faced by numerous beliefs, aims, and values. What nursing theories do is

Cash Flows Essay Example for Free

Cash Flows Essay â€Å"The statement of cash flows reports the cash receipts, cash payments, and net change in cash resulting from operating, investing, and financing activities during a period† (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 614). Companies are required to prepare a statement of cash flow because it contains important information about the company that deems useful for external sources, such as investors, to make educated decisions about a company. The information contained in the cash flow, such as the company’s ability to generate cash and meet obligations, assists creditors and investors to determine the adequate decision regarding extending credit or investing. The statement of cash flows is divided into three sections: Operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities (Weygandt, et al, 2010). Each of these sections have reflect their own characteristics of transactions and other events. First, operating activities include transactions that create revenues and expenses; these are included in the determination of net income (Weygandt, et al, 2010). Second, investing activities has two purposes: includes the acquisition and disposing of investments and property, plant, and equipment, and lending money and collecting the loans (Weygandt, et al, 2010). Third, financing activities include two purposes: obtaining cash from issuing debt and repaying the amounts borrowed, and obtaining cash from stockholders, repurchasing shares, and paying dividends (Weygandt, et al, 2010, p. 615). Operating activities, which include income statement items are: Cash inflows – from sale of goods and services, and from interest received from dividends received; Cash outflows – to suppliers for inventory, employees for services, and others for expenses (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616). Investing activities – investments and long-term assets: Cash inflows – from sale of property, plant, and equipment, and collections on loans to other entities; Cash outflows – to purchase property, plant, and equipment, purchase investments in debt, and making loans to other entities (Weygandt,  Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616). Financing activities involves long-term liabilities and stockholders’ equity: Cash inflows – from sale of common stock, and from issuance of long-term debt; Cash outflows – to stockholders as dividends, and to redeem long-term debt or reacquire capital stock (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2010, p. 616). References Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2010). Financial accounting (7th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Behaviour Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry

Behaviour Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry Title of the article: Model of parental acceptance of various behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry Abstract: Purpose: to evaluate the parental acceptance of different behavior management techniques routinely used in pediatric dentistry. Methods: Forty parents were shown a video tape of different nine behavior management techniques. (1.) Tell Show Do, (2.) Modeling, (3.) Positive reinforcement, (4.) Distraction, (5.) Voice control, (6.) Hand over mouth exercise, (7.) physical restrain, (8.) conscious sedation and (9.) General Anesthesia. Parents were explained and asked to rate their acceptance on visual analogue scale provided in form Results: All the parents in the sample group completed the survey form and among them 37 parents accepted the positive reinforcement technique as the most acceptable. The least acceptable techniques were Hand over mouth exercise and physical restrain. The acceptance rate was in following order: Positive Reinforcement, Tell Show Do, Distraction, Modeling, Conscious Sedation, General Anesthesia, Voice Control, Hand over Mouth Exercise, Physical Restrain. Conclusion: Parents favor more affirmative approaches and management techniques that engross demonstrations geared for the child’s level of accepting. Aversive conditioning like Physical Restraint, Hand over mouth exercise and voice control is more strongly rejected than sedation and general anesthesia. Introduction: The most imperative facet in pediatric dental practice is behavior management of the child. It saves the time of not only dentists but also parents and child. The successful results can be obtained by the less anxious and well managed child. (Wright G Z. Behavior Management in Dentistry for Children. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1975) And for managing such child, the number of behavior management techniques has been explained in the literature. The intimate relationship among child, parent, dentist and society has been well explained by pedodontic triangle which provides proper child dental care. Not only this, but also it provides the information regarding the behavior management techniques to be used against the child. (Wright G Z. Behavior Management in Dentistry for Children. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1975. )(American academy of pediatric dentistry: Guideline on behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent 2007;29:115à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ24.) According to Kupietzky, for better understanding for their children`s treatment, parents can also participate actively in treatment decisions, and various behavior management techniques to modify their children`s behavior. This will ultimately diminish the parental anxiety. (Kupietzky A. Effects of video information on parental preoperative anxiety level and their perception of conscious sedation vs. general anesthesia for the dental treatment of their young ch ild. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006;31:90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2) with growing concern about children`s rights and considering ethical aspects, pedodontists can no longer take for granted that parents will endorse any form of behaviour management technique without issue. (Klein A. Physical restraint, informed consent and the child patient. J Dent Child; 55: 121-122. 1987, Lawrence S M, McTigue D J, Wilson S, Odom J G, Waggoner W F, Fields H W Jr. Parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent; 13: 151-155. 1991.) Informed consent is having a growing blow on behavior management of children. The courts uphold that treatment by health care professionals without prior consent is array and the dentist who treats a patient devoid of consent may be liable (Brown 1976). It was stated in the conference sponsored by American academy of pediatric dentistry in 1988 that informed consent must be obtained prior to employ any behavior management technique in children. (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: Behavior Management for the Pediatric Dental Patient Final Proceedings of a Workshop,September 30 October 2, 1988, Iowa City, IA.) There are few studies which demonstrate that behavior management techniques are not evenly acknowledged by parents or guardians and many techniques are found to be objectionable. (Murphy M G, Fields H W Jr, Machen J B. Parental acceptance of pediatric dentistry behavior management technique. Pediatr Dent; 6: 193-198. 1984. , Peretz B, Zadik D. Attitudes of parents toward their presence in the treat ­ment room during dental treatment to their children. J Clin Pediatr Dent; 23: 27-30. 1998.) Various studies have been done regarding acceptance of various behavior management techniques in children. It begins with the study done by Murphy et at who first encountered in differences in parental acceptance of behaviour-management techniques. In their study, they fulfilled that tell-show-do technique was customary by most parents and general anesthesia and aversive conditioning techniques like physical restrain were least accepted. (Murphy MG, Fields HW, Machen JB. Parental acceptance of paediatric dentistry behavior management techniques. Pediatr Dent 1984; 6: 193-8.) Seven years after this study another study done by the Laurence et al stated that the enough explanation is necessary for better understanding and acceptance each techniques by parents. (Lawrence SM, McTigue DJ, Wilson S, et al. Parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques used in paediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent 1991; 13: 151-5.) Havelka in 1992 quoted in his study that the socioeconomic status als o influence the acceptance of certain behavioral modification technique by parents. (Havelka C, McTigue D, Wilson S, Odom J. The influence of social status and prior explanation on parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques. Pediatr Dent 1992; 14: 376-81). Also, the acceptance of each behavior management technique is influenced by culture and geographic region. (Long N. The changing nature of parenting in America. Pediatr Dent 2004; 26: 121-4.) Till now there is only one Indian study was there regarding acceptance behavioral management techniques by parents. (Elango I, Baweja DK, Shivaprakash PK. Parental acceptance of pediatric behavior management techniques: A comparative study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2012;30:195-200) Thus, understanding parental acceptance regarding various behavior management techniques are very important which will ensure the proper child-dentist relationship as well as providing proper care. So the aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of parents towards different behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. Materials and methods: 40 Parents were randomly selected from the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry after the institutional committee ethical approval. (KA/PD- 06/2013) The inclusion criteria was decided which were, Parents of children with age 4-15 years with no previous dental history, Parents who are willing to participate and able to view and understand the videotape and Parents of all socioeconomic status irrespective of their age, gender, income, educational status, and occupation. A master video tape of various 9 behavior management techniques was made using the software windows movie maker v3.6. the behavior management techniques used were: (1.) Tell Show Do, (2.) Modeling, (3.) Positive reinforcement, (4.) Distraction, (5.) Voice control, (6.) Hand over mouth exercise, (7.) physical restrain, (8.) conscious sedation and (9.) General Anesthesia. All the behavior management techniques which were shown in the master video tape were recorded in the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry. Before each behavior management, it was explained. The master video tape was approved by four pedodontist having more than 10 years of experience. The techniques were presented in the same sequence to all parents as follows: The video tape was 8 minutes long duration with each technique describing 20-30 seconds. After watching each behavior management technique parents were asked to give the opinion. The assessment form was filled by the parents contained the names of the techniques with two parameters of the visual analogue scale: Acceptableà ¯Ã‚ Ã…  , Not acceptableà ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ Videotape was projected using a laptop/ projector in the parent counseling room.() The subjects were asked to mark their opinion by using a vertical mark onto à ¯Ã‚ Ã…   or à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ Following each technique Results: According to data analysis, the positive reinforcement was the most acceptable technique that was accepted by 37 parents (92.5%). The least acceptable technique was hand over mouth exercise and physical restrain that was accepted by only 5 parents (12.5%). The acceptance of various other behavior management techniques was in following order.(table 1) The same result is shown in the following bar diagram. (figure 3) Discussion: In the past years, various studies were conducted regarding the parental acceptance of various behavior management techniques by Murphy et al, Lawrence et al, Frankel, ; Havelka et al.; Scott and Garcà ­a-Godoy; Eaton et al, Elango et al. According to this study, the most acceptable techniques are positive reinforcement (92.5%) and tell show do (87.5%). These findings are in correlation with previous study done by Murphy et al. The reason for the highest rating of positive reinforcement and tell show do technique may be the parent demanding for the more child friendly behavior that will inspire the child for future dental treatment. Also in Murphy`s study, it was showed that the sedation and general anesthesia was least acceptable by parents. (Murphy MG, Fields HW Jr, Machen JB. Parental acceptance of pediatric behavior management techniques. Pediatr Dent 1984;6:193à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ8.) But in our study, General anesthesia and conscious sedation both were selected by 25 % of parents. The reason may be, they don’t want their child cry in the dental clinic and want multiple dental treatment in single sitting. It was concluded in the study by Eaton et al that in recent years, the approval for permission of nitrous oxide sedation has increased. (Eaton JJ, McTigue DJ, Fields HW, Beck FM. Attitudes of contemporary parents toward behavior management techniques used in paediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent 2005; 27: 107-13.) However in our study we found that a considerable number of parents (25%) approved this technique, which was more than the previous studies by Murphy. The least acceptable techniques are hand over mouth exercise (12.5%) and physical restrain (12.5%) These findings are in correlation with previous studies done by Murphy et al. [1984] Eaton et al [2005] and J. Luis de Leà ³n et al [2010]. The reason for the same may be parents consider these techniques as illegal, unprofessional and not child friendly. HOME technique is also facing some controversy over a long period of time. For this reason many pedodontists are not using this technique and believe that parents may react negatively if they use this technique. (Bowers LT. The legality of using hand-over-mouth exercise for management of child behavior. J Dent Child 1982; 49: 257-65.) According to the report by Ouesis (2010) although HOME technique is eliminated from the AAPD guidelines, many dentists still accept this technique. (Oueis HS, Ralstrom E, Miriyala V, Molinari GE, Cassamassinmo P. Alternatives for Hand Over Mouth Exercise after its elimination from the clinical guidelines of the American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. Pediatr Dent 2010;32:223-8) Restrain the child by pediwrap was also the least accepted technique. However it was suggested by frankle that this technique can be the accepted techniques by the mother if the child ic un cooperative. (Frankel RI. The Papoose Board and mothers’ attitudes following its use. Pediatr Dent 1991; 13: 284-8) Limitations: As the coin has two sides, the limitation in this study should not be ruled out. The first is different parents might evaluate the video tape differently and second one is failure to analyze the stress level of parents during watching the video tape. Further studies can be donre to eliminate these limitations. Conclusion: The following two conclusions can be drawn from this study, Parents prefer more positive approaches and management techniques that involve demonstrations geared for the child’s level of understanding. Aversive conditioning like Physical Restraint, Hand over mouth exercise and voice control is more strongly rejected than sedation and general anesthesia.

Standardization Of The English Language :: essays research papers fc

Standardization of the English Language There are several important events before 1500 that when listed together show a series of steps in the struggle for English language supremacy. These steps are mainly governmental, legal and official events that pushed English usage. In 1356 The Sheriff's Court in London and Middlesex were conducted in English for the first time. When Parliament opened in 1362 the Statute of Pleading was issued declaring English as a language of the courts as well as of Parliament, but it was not until 1413 that English became the official language of the courts everywhere. Thirteen years later in 1423, Parliament records start being written in English. 1400 marks date that English is used in writing wills, a seemingly small step, but one that impacted many people and began a legacy of record keeping in English. In 1450 English became the language used in   writing town laws and finally 1489 saw all statutes written in English. But it was not until 1649 that English became the language of legal documents in place of Latin. The formal rules intended to keep the use of French in official capacities were not enough to combat the effects of the Black Death and the Hundred Years War between France and England, which both contributed greatly to the rise of English and fall of French. By the fourteenth century, English was again known by most people, although French was not forgotten, and the people who spoke French were generally bilingual. The   Statute of Pleading made it law that English and not French would be used in the courts. However, it needs to be emphasized that at the end of this statement, it says that after the pleadings, debates, etc. in English were finished, they should be entered and enrolled in Latin. English became the official language of the court in 1413, but French was permitted until the eighteenth century. More than the official bureaucratic changes in rules and law were the changes in the use of the language by the everyday speakers. The changes that distinguish Early Modern English from Middle English are substantial. The rules for spelling were set down for the first time. The key is the new consistency used by teachers, printers and eventually by the general populace. The sign of maturity for English was the agreement on one set of rules replacing the spelling free- for-all that had existed. Out of the variety of   local dialects there emerged toward the end of the fourteenth century a written language that in course of the fifteenth century won general recognition and has since become the recognized standard in speech

Motivating workers

Motivating workers is an integral policy of great companies. It has significant effect on the level of output of workers. It affects their disposition to work. Also, it increases company productivity. This can be done through an effective reward system designed in line with the vision and mission statement of the organization. Information needed include DEFINITION OF PURPOSE: It is important to start with a well-defined purpose. This is consistent with the Mission statement of the Company in writing and principle; it is communicated to employees and is also broken into smaller units called Goals. COMPANY INTERACTIONS/COMMUNICATION: this involves a medium through which the system is communicated to participants in clear and understandable terms. Suggestions and ideas are acknowledged on the plan IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE: This is the most important of all. If purpose is then and goals are made with effective communication and there is no credible and fair structure to implement the plans, then the result can be easily guessed: there would be no result at all. REWARDS: It is necessary to state method of rewards. It should be both significant and tangible. Announcement is not enough reward. Such tools that can be employed include by compensation, awards or increase in base line salary. The latter is widely appraised, and is best effective when the incentive is about 25% of the baseline pay. Such should also be done with a short period of time. REVIEW It is important to review the activities of program, it impact on the organization and its vivid dividends at regular intervals. This would sustain and strength awareness of and confidence in the program. WORKERS: Their current Level of productivity is considered. There is evaluation of the Effect of reward on their predisposition on them. Â   Â   Â  

School Uniforms Are a Necessity

Reading books is better than TV! Reading books is better than TV! Reading books is much better than watching TV! How many of you watch TV? No doubt all of you do each and every day. It is so easy to just sit down on a couch and press 1 little button and waste hours on watching TV shows and movies! Books are better for our Health our Electricity and Education. Good Morning / Good Afternoon Mrs Millward and 7AC today I am going to tell you about why books are better and I mean way better then TV. TV can affect our Health in a way which is sitting down too much on the couch and not doing physical activities outside.A great deal is known about children and television, because there have been thousands of studies on the subject. Researchers have studied how TV affects kids' sleep, weight, grades, behaviour, and more. When using a book reading is exercising your brain and learning words you didn’t know about but when TV comes in all you do is watch and that can easily affect your ey es and then it can affect you behaviour and your grades. When watching TV for hours and when your parents get a bill for the electricity half of the bill is caused by watching TV of course because that is the main problem.In my house we only turn on the TV if we are watching the cricket of watching the News or watching our sport team play and that is all my family use it for. But this isn’t always caused by kids it is caused from parents that work at least once a week and that happens when they have got nothing to do. Say if you are doing an assignment for school and you have been working for hours without getting anywhere. Majority of you would watch TV for a while, while watching you will still be worrying about the assignment and by the time you get back to it you will be stressed.And on top of that books are an excellent way to learn new vocabulary without you even knowing, that’s right, while reading books you involuntary learn new words and the spellings. Imagine you have got this huge test the next morning and then you’re watching TV and then you’re studding on the way to school and then you get a FAIL!!! On your test. How bad would that be? If it was me I would feel really embarrassed. So you have just heard some things that can affect your health and your parents bills and your own education that your parents are paying for but lso when our parents where alive they only got a TV when they were around 16 or 17 of age. And look us and then think of your parents back in the past. And they didn’t have computer games either. So 7AC and Mrs Millward I think I convinced you that books are much better then Television. And so when you get I want you not to go to the living room and turn on the TV I want you to Study on your Math exam and do your HOMEWORK!!! Don’t Touch the TV Do Your Homework Don’t Touch the TV Do Your Homework

Eliminating Prejudice and Discrimination Inside the Classroom Essay

The rich and colorful diversity of today’s society is very evident to many classrooms in most parts of the world. It is indeed that mere educating of the children is no longer enough nowadays as such the educational setting is even more revolutionized. Since the students of this generation are exemplified with different learning styles and habits, level of intelligence, cultural orientation and socio-economic background, there must be high observance on the implementation of multicultural education in every classroom of the world. The schools and learning environments must work for all the aspects and must consider the diverse cultures of the communities they serve. Nevertheless, the observance of multicultural education to some countries remains a dilemma for many administrators and teachers as well as on the part of the students. The administrators and teachers encounter problems on the integration of the curriculum and other activities in order to suffice the various needs of the different orientation of the students. The students, on the other hand, suffer dilemma on the equal treatment of the teacher and other students in terms of the curriculum and relationship among them which commonly leads to great prejudice and discrimination inside the classroom. One of the great challenges of today’s classroom in terms of this multicultural education approach is the inclusive education for the special students in the community. Many educators find difficulties on the inclusion of the special students together with the normal students since it is presumed that they have a significant difference in terms of learning styles and habits, level of intelligence and skills, and many others. Hence, it is very essential for the different educational institutions to have an in-depth understanding on the importance of multicultural approach in education as well as the inclusive education for the special students. This paper tries to provide a thorough discussion of the paradigm of multicultural education, the inclusive education for special students and the strategies for the administrators and teacher to successfully observe and maintain multicultural education for the special students. Pros and Cons of Multicultural Education Over the past three decades, multicultural education has been recognized as one of the avenues for educational reform (Ramsey, et. al. 2003). Multicultural education is defined as an educational reform movement which incorporates the idea that all students, regardless of gender, social class, and ethnic, racial, or cultural characteristics, should have an equal opportunity to acquire education in school (Banks & Banks 2009). It is through the concept of equal opportunities that learners find social democracy and fairness inside the classroom. Multicultural education is considered to be very advantageous since it provides various opportunities not only for the teachers and administrators but also for the learners (Mitchell & Salsbury 1996). One of the advantages of observing multicultural education in the classroom is the elimination of racism and sexism among the students. Through teaching the culturally different approach, there will be an attempt to raise the academic achievement of the students of color through culturally relevant instruction (Sleeter 1996). It should be noted always that eventhough students have differences, there should be equal opportunities inside the classroom as such education is a right of everyone. The aim of the schools should be to encourage the full development of the students regardless of the diverse racial, ethnic and gender groups of the students (Banks 1997). Educators, hence, must eliminate all structures of education that impede learning of the ethnic minorities and women. There should be equal opportunities between the man and woman or between the rich and poor so that there would be a sense of multi-culturally responsive classroom approach in the schools. This is thus the reason why all countries must observe equal opportunities to all students regardless of gender and cultural orientation. For instance, the students whether boys or girls are given the opportunity to participate in all the activities of the classroom such as recitation, discussion, project making and the like. Multicultural education approach, moreover, promotes the idea of democracy in a pluralistic society. It is through this approach of education, students learn to value cultural knowledge and differences (Sleeter 1996). This is a good value that the students might learn with the multicultural approach. As they understand the diversity of the educational setting, they are implicitly learning also the sense of democracy and fairness within themselves which will be very helpful to the students when they are ready to face the realities of the society. The teacher should encourage multicultural approach in the school since it does not only teach the students to respect each other but it also allows them to have better understanding on the concept of democracy and fairness which are considered to be good virtues. Nevertheless, the practice of multicultural education is not that easy because there are a lot of considerations which need to be taken. In the multicultural classroom, there must be a culturally responsive curriculum to suffice the needs of the different students. The teacher should prepare a lesson which will consider the subject matter as well as the diverse culture of the students. For instance, the teacher may present a view of mathematical thinking that incorporates the ways in which culture and mathematics are related and intertwined (Nielson 1991). In sciences, the study of environments can be done from the perspectives of the diversity of cultural understanding. Eventhough this would mean additional and laborious tasks on the part of the teachers, it is better as compared to mono-cultural approach as such there will be a high manifestation of learning not only in the subject matter but also in the culture of their respective orientations. While the students are learning the subject matter that they need to accomplish, they are likewise acquiring a sense of the understanding the different cultures that the different students posses in their classroom. In this sense, the teacher avoids discrimination with respect to the cultural orientation of the students. In the teaching and learning process of the multicultural approach, likewise, there is a need for various teaching strategies to cater the various learning needs of the different learners inside the classroom. In this case, the teachers must consider that students are confined with the multiple intelligences and each type needs different teaching maxims (Armstrong 2000). When teaching a particular subject, the teacher must not only use devices which are intended for the visual learners but also to the other types of learners such as auditory, tactile, and the like. For instance, the teacher may provide visual aid for the visual learners, recordings and sounds for the auditory and practical application for the tactile type of learners. Through this, there would be less discrimination in the different types of learners. The students find no discrimination as such all of them are being addressed with their different learning needs. Along with the diversity of the curriculum and the teaching strategies to suffice the needs of the diverse culturally responsive learners are the diverse culturally oriented stakeholders of the education. The change in the school setting from mono-cultural to multicultural approach should be a hand in hand effort of all the stakeholders of the education which include, aside from the students, teachers, administrators, parents, community leaders and government. The teachers should be the ones to observe multicultural approach of education inside the school through observance of the anti-discrimination acts not only in the school but as well as in the whole community. However, the teacher cannot alone do all the tasks to maintain fairness and justice inside the school. The other stakeholders of education should also take their parts in maintaining an education with an environment free from prejudice, racism and discrimination. Education of today’s generation should incorporate multitude of voices in multicultural society so that there would be effective observance of multiculturalism (Banks 1997). This means that education should be treated as a thing tantamount to equality and fairness. And the country successfully achieved this goal through the collaborative efforts of the teachers, administrators and the other stakeholders of education in the community. Multicultural education is considered to be very advantageous to the educational system of the country since it provides and promotes an educational reform which is beneficial to every stakeholder of education. But nonetheless, observance to this educational reform is not an easy task. The main problem, perhaps, that a teacher may encounter in observing and maintaining multicultural approach to education is the curriculum as well as the teaching strategies for this kind of classroom set up. To maintain multicultural education requires different curriculum to suffice the needs of both normal and special students. The same holds true with the teaching strategies that will be sued in order to execute the lesson everyday. Careful planning of the teaching methodologies and strategies for each lesson is a prerequisite for the successful observance of multicultural education. Likewise, it is very difficult for the teacher to carry out multicultural education approach inside the classroom especially if the students are unresponsive. In order to successfully incorporate multicultural approach in the classroom, the students should have also participation during the class or session. And also, not only the students but the administrators are also needed to take their part in the reformation of the educational set up. This entails that the success of the multicultural education lies on the collaborative effort of the students, teacher, administrators and the community. However, though it requires too much persistence and hard work not only on the part of the teachers but as well as on the part of the students, administrators, community leaders and government, multicultural education is a great revolution in the country as such it will not only develop and enhance the educational setting itself but it will also enlighten the perception of the world to justice, fairness and equality. The Need for An Inclusive Multicultural Classroom for the Disabled Students Aside from a classroom with diverse gender, socio-economic standing, socio-cultural orientation and religion, multicultural approach in education is very much needed specifically in the classrooms with special and disabled students. It has been found out that special students like the disabled ones find a great dilemma inside a classroom that does not observe multicultural approach over years. The problem is believed to be a result of the lack of equality and fairness among the disabled students. In most universities and colleges, special students find â€Å"academic fatigue† due to their inability to adapt to the academic requirements that the educational institutions are requiring them as well as the pressure that the environment brings them as disabled ones (Barnes 2007). In this case, the disabled students find dilemma in their respective educational institution because they are not given equal opportunities inside the classroom. The teachers and administrators do not consider the various aspects of the students such as their socio-cultural orientations, social classes, levels of cognition, and many others. In order to resolve this problem, there must be a total reformation in every classroom of the country. Teachers and administrators should practice multicultural approach in an inclusive education for the disabled students. Hence, an inclusive education that observes multicultural education must be strictly observed in order to solve the said problem and revolutionize the old concept of education for the betterment of the disabled students. Inclusive education is built on the premise that all students should be valued for their unique abilities and included as essential members of a school community (Causton-Theoharis & Theoharis 2008). Inclusion, in addition, is considered to be an active process which entails an unabashed announcement that leads to a public and political declaration and celebration of difference. Inclusion requires continuous proactive response in order to maintain inclusive educational culture. This educational idea is typically found in multicultural urban schools where cultural and linguistics barriers serves as a daily challenge inside the classroom (Corbett 2001). Through the inclusive education that permits multicultural education for the disabled ones, students will not suffer from the burden of â€Å"academic fatigue† brought about by the negligence to the different and unique abilities of the disabled students compared to the normal students. To be able to successfully carry out inclusive multicultural education inside the classroom, power and voice are particularly important aspects in this educational reformation (Slee 2008). The relationships between the disabled, the typical students and the professionals in the educational institution are considered to be central considerations to the development of multicultural education. There should be a hand on hand cooperation between these elements so that the educational reformation will become smooth-sailing. Hence, it is very difficult to observe and maintain multicultural education approach in the classroom since there are a lot of considerations that need proper and careful attention. Nonetheless, multicultural education would be very beneficial to all stakeholders of education when successfully carried out. Among the advantages that an inclusive multicultural education brings to a classroom is the sense of belongingness of the disabled students which is considered to be a basic need for each person. Disabled children begin with the commonalities they have with the other children and typically show the urge that they can and they want to belong in different ways. One of which is their desire to become part and to belong in the school context. They really want to have the same opportunities and experiences just like the non-disabled peers. In this context, it would very be helpful if the students with disabilities are mingled and mixed with other pupils whom they feel they have more in common since through them they find comfort and belongingness. Through the interaction of the disabled students with the normal ones, they will definitely experience the sense of belongingness and peer support which are very essential for developing social skills and self-esteem. It is indeed beneficial on the part of the students since the sense of belongingness is one of the important aspects under Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Pride, et. al. 2009). If this need is satisfied properly, there would be greater chance for the students to learn and explore more about their talents and skills. Sociological researches and surveys, however, have shown that education nowadays is much more likely to confirm existing inequality and discrimination than to help in eliminating and eradicating them (Larskaia-Smirnova & Loshakova 2004). It is found out that the ability of the handicapped children to obtain a good and quality education is intervened by various structural limitations linked to social inequality. Teachers in most schools pay more attention to the best and most capable students while the handicapped ones are placed on the bottom of the school hierarchy. Disabled students are frequently ignored and the focus of attention is given to the more capable students. This results to unintentional discrimination within the context of the school system. And this practice is indeed very disadvantageous to the part of the disabled students. Limitations of the Multicultural Education for Special Students Some criticized that the success of the multicultural education among the disabled students does not materialize because of the limitations from the teachers. Some teachers do not perceive special education as a means in order to help the students with disabilities. In some cases, the teachers are the ones who serve as the source of prejudice and discrimination inside the classroom. If a teacher, for instance, responds to a disabled student in a manner that the said student will be perceived as different from the typical ones, the other students would also perceive them as different among the others. In this manner, the disabled students are unintentionally discriminated by the teacher and the students inside the classroom. Because of the modeling seen by the students from the teacher, the typical students might used to discriminate the disabled ones and think that the disabled students are really different from them. This would lead the students to the sense of inequality, discrimination and prejudice among themselves. In this case, the teacher serves as a model to the students. The typical students learn their behavior through observation and imitation of peers as well as through reference to authority figures. This is called social referencing theory which suggests that an individual gains information about social setting from a familiar or trusted person (De Schauwer 2009). The teachers, nevertheless, should be the ones to promote equality inside the classroom in order to make multicultural education successful. Since they are the most authoritative figures inside the classroom, the teachers should serve as an example to the students so that the latter will develop sense of equality among themselves. To be able to contribute to the success of the multicultural education, the teacher should have the in-depth understanding of the paradigm of multicultural education. This would eliminate the chance of unintentional discrimination inside the classroom. Studies revealed that teachers with special education coursework and teachers who had received training in special education had more positive attitudes towards inclusive multicultural education as compared to the teachers who lacked in-service training in special education (Drowning, et. al. 2007).